She joined the Black Panthers in college, but the arrests of the Panther leadership in 1969 effectively crushed the organization. [138] After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above). [81] The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with pleurisy. [58] Assata Shakur walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. [95] The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties, owing to disagreements with Shakur as well as with Hilton's attorney. Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". Tupac's aunt is Assata Shakur, the political activist and former Black Liberation Army member who escaped prison and fled to Cuba after she was convicted for the 1977 murder of a New. [138] Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur saidin a barely audible voice "I am ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial", and that the jury was racist and had "convicted a woman with her hands up". While serving a life sentence for murder, Shakur escaped in 1979, with assistance from the BLA and members of the May 19 Communist Organization, from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, NJ, now the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women. [38] According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in Pittsburgh until August 1980, when she flew to the Bahamas. Submitted by Juan Conatz on October 8, 2012. Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes and made the subject of a multi-state manhunt. [78][134][137] Of these attorneys, Kunstler, Ball, Cohen, Myers, Stern and Williams appeared in court for the turnpike trial. [87] Shakur's aunt and lawyer, Evelyn Williams, was cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied. [155] Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order. Nehanda Abiodun, a radical black nationalist who was charged in the deadly botched robbery of a Brink's armored truck in 1981 and then spent decades as a fugitive in Cuba, a hero to would-be. Prial, Frank J. "Symposium Critical Legal Histories: Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication". On May 2, 1973, Chesimard, who was part of a revolutionary extremist organization known as the Black Liberation Army, and two accomplices were stopped for a motor vehicle violation on the New. Their married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. Cummings, Judith (October 8, 1973), "Angela Davis Asks Support for 'Political Prisoners'". [227], A documentary film about Shakur, Eyes of the Rainbow, written and directed by Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando, appeared in 1997. The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. Assata Shakur, otherwise known as Joanne Chesimard, an organizer who had been described as "the soul of the Black Liberation Army," had been arrested for the execution-style killing of a state trooper in May 1973, via the New York Times. Sundiata Acoli, 85, the oldest former member of the Black Panthers still to be incarcerated for acts of violence during the 1970s Black liberation struggle, is finally to be released from. [81] A contemporary New York Times editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom "decorum," comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the "Chicago Seven" trial. [62][133] During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day. Kaufman, Michael T. (February 17, 1972). [186][187] No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. [70] Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange: On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster? [164] Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup. Perlmutter, Emanuel (January 29, 1973), "Extra Duty Tours For Police Set Up After 2D Ambush", According to Churchill and Vander Wall (2002): "What had emerged in the 1980s was a formal amalgamation of FBI COINTELPRO specialists and New York City red squad detectives known as the Joint Terrorist Task Force (JTTF), consolidating the more, Sullivan, Joseph F. (May 3 or 4th, 1973). By Assata Shakur (guest author) posted on July 15, 2022 In honor of Assata Shakur's 75th birthday on July 16, Workers World is reprinting this slightly edited version of her open letter, first posted on WW on Dec. 30, 2014. Is she a terrorist? "Police by Hundreds Comb 2 Boroughs for 6 Suspects in Ambush Shootings". Black brothers, black sisters, I want you to know that I love you and I hope . [102] During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom. By Mirinda Crissman July 15, 2022 In honor of Assata Shakur's 75th birthday on July 16, the IAC is reprinting this slightly edited version of her open letter, first posted on Dec. 30, 2014. [134], Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's sequestration order. [58] At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene. [62] Judge Appleby also refused to investigate a burglary of her defense counsel's office that resulted in the disappearance of trial documents,[135] amounting to half of the legal papers related to her case. [12], She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. [189] Shakur has been described as a "rap music legend"[222] and a "minor cause celebre". [232] As of April 7, 2010, the presiding judge has ruled that the issues of students' free speech and administrators' immunity from suit "deserve a trial". [7] She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill. ", then displayed a revolver and demanded money. I wanted to know everything." [91], Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. Chesimard v. Kuhlthau, 370 F. Supp. The New York Amsterdam News section is an ad in support of Assata Shakur. "Neurosurgeon's Testimony Backs Mrs. Chesimard". A book in the vehicle was said to contain a list of potential BLA targets. The name of Assata Shakur, a woman convicted in the 1973 killing of a New Jersey state trooper, has been used by Black Lives Matter to illustrate what the group called Cuba's "solidarity with. [86] The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already pled guilty to the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank. "The Soul Survivor; Assata Shakur on the Making of a Radical". 1973) (per curiam). [43] Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police. [28] In 1987, when asked in Cuba about police allegations that the BLA gained funds by conducting bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, "There were expropriations, there were bank robberies. Assata Shakur and the Cuban Revolution After being liberated from a maximum security prison in New Jersey, Assata lived underground for five years. [62] Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape. [19] Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. [179] Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody". [38][78] Of these trials, three resulted in acquittals, one in a hung jury, one in a change of venue, one in a mistrial due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction. [149], A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. With the questioning of Acoli, accounts by participants of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). The member he was arrested with, Assata Shakur - previously known as JoAnne Chesimard - has been a fugitive. Wilfredo, Cancio Isla (December 18, 2007). In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. [231] CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. "Cuba seeks deals with US to fight terror, migrant smuggling". [48], On April 16, 1981, Shakur was allegedly in the back seat of a van connected with a burglary. Assata Olugbala Shakur is an Black civil rights activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and Black Liberation Army (BLA). [222], New York City Councilman Charles Barron, a former Black Panther, has called for the bounty to be rescinded. [233], Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. [59] The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. [97] After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982). [128][160], Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony. "[225] In 2013, the FBI announced it had added Shakur to its list of 'most wanted terrorists', the first time that a woman was so designated. [203], In 1987, she published Assata: An Autobiography, which was written in Cuba. Smothers, Ronald (October 24, 1973), "Chesimard Case Gets A Jury Shift". [144] According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys. campaign is coordinated by Chicago-area Black Radical Congress activists. [65] The police ordered Assata Shakur and Zayd Shakur to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle. [58][60] Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. [3], Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. [134] The Roots TV miniseries adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of "guilt and sympathy" with many white viewers. She later became a member of the Black Liberation Army and was involved in several Black organizing groups, including the Black Panther Party. Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977. [52] After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was purportedly the subject of the manhunt. 1978). An activist in black radical groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army, Shakur was convicted of murdering a New Jersey state trooper in 1977, but supporters helped her escape prison and take refuge in Cuba. [53] The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for Assata and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA", after her escape from prison. [59][61], The stop occurred 200 yards (183m) south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building. [62][159], Davidson based his testimony on an August 4, 1976, examination of Shakur and on X-rays taken immediately after the shootout at Middlesex General Hospital. [240], In 2015, New Jersey's Kean University dropped hip-hop artist Common as a commencement speaker because of police complaints. Assata Shakur, a former member of the Black Liberation Army, was convicted in 1977 for the murder of a state trooper during a shootout in New Jersey. [63] In his opening statement to a jury, Hamlin said that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and used Foerster's own gun to "execute him". [206][207] The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state. At least 12 aging members of the Black Panthers are still imprisoned in the US. After elementary school, Shakur moved back to Queens to live with her mother and stepfather (her mother had remarried); she attended Parsons Junior High School. U.S. Government Declares $2 Million Bounty For Assata Shakur, Tupac's Godmother, Castro won't hand over killer of N.J. trooper, "Cuba still harbors one of America's most wanted fugitives. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata". [127] She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. [11] Often there were few or no other black students in her Catholic high school class. She escaped prison and fled . [138] The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of "intent" and "reasonable doubt". "No Checking Was Done On Chesimard 'Visitors'; Identification Required of Visitors Security Review Ordered". [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. "The Msgr. The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. Sullivan, Joseph F. (February 24, 1977), "Chesimard Attorney Acts to Call Kelley; Wants F.B.I. [215] Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the United States State Department had offered to lift the Cuban embargo in exchange for the return of 90U.S. fugitives, including Shakur. [62] Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. With connections to the Weather Underground, the Black Liberation Army and the Black Panther Party, this "anti-imperialist" organization executed a number of attacks well into the mid-1980s, inspired by the revolutionary left-wing tradition of pursuing "peace" through violent means. Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1973). [62][143] Hinds' disciplinary proceeding reached the U.S. Supreme Court in Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n (1982). [76], During an interview, Assata Shakur discussed her treatment by the police and medical staff at Middlesex General Hospital. Williams often took the girl to museums, theaters, and art galleries.[11]. They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman". [38] The FBI said these included the "execution style murders" of New York City Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972. . Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). [181] An international panel of seven jurists were invited by Hinds to tour a number of U.S. prisons, and concluded in a report filed with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that the conditions of her solitary confinement were "totally unbefitting any prisoner". [88], During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a "holding pen" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi. Two years later, she escaped. [150] The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. to Aid Search for Miss Chesimard; Jersey Authorities Tell Magistrate She Apparently Fled the State After Her Prison Escape Visitors Were Not Searched Drove Across a Field Visitation Policies Under Review Official Account of Escape". [119] Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year. At that time, eight men who came to be known as the San Francisco 8 were accused of killing Sgt. . Her trial and conviction were a result of the government conspiracy to destroy Black freedom fighters and the movement for liberation from capitalism. Kaufman, Michael T. (February 9, 1972), "9 in Black 'Army' Are Hunted in Police Assassinations". [197] In October 1980, New Jersey and New York City Police denied published reports that they had declined to raid a BedfordStuyvesant, Brooklyn building where Shakur was suspected to be hiding for fear of provoking a racial incident. Allen-Mills, Tony (May 27, 2007). Johnston, Richard J. H. (March 9, 1974). 1974). [205] The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except to say that the jury "[c]onvicted a woman with her hands up! In the Matter of Hinds, 449 A.2d 483 (N.J. 1982). She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were dismissed. [133], Shakur was identified as a political prisoner as early as October 8, 1973, by Angela Davis,[180] and in an April 3, 1977, The New York Times advertisement purchased by the Easter Coalition for Human Rights. She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. [163], In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. After the vehicle was pulled over, two men stepped out of the vehicle and opened fire on NYPD officers John Scarangella and Richard Rainey. [10] According to her attorney Lennox Hinds, Shakur "understates the awfulness of the condition in which she was incarcerated", which included vaginal and anal searches. Christol, 2001, p. 140. One officer said that they had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty". Black Liberation activist Assata Shakur was found guilty of killing a police officer in 1977, only to escape prison two years later and become a political refugee in Cuba. "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of . [118] Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975, after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson.[117]. "[123], In an open letter to Castro, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Representative Maxine Waters of California later explained that many members of the Caucus (including herself) were against Shakur's extradition but had mistakenly voted for the bill, which was placed on the accelerated suspension calendar, generally reserved for non-controversial legislation. Following her parents' divorce, Byron spent much of her childhood moving between her grandparents and other family in Wilmington, North Carolina, and New York City, where her . negras y a sus lderes, Shakur pas cuatro aos en la crcel antes de su condena en 1977, sustentada en pruebas poco slidas. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors[190] and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room,[191] before which they were not searched. [115] In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury. After graduation, she began using the name Assata Shakur, and briefly joined the Black Panther Party. [62], Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment "adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor", whom Kunstler accused of "improper prejudicial remarks"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion. [112] On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant,[108] New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne signed an extradition order to move Shakur to New Jersey to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. But one issue not raised during his visit was the fate of Assata Shakur, the legendary figure within the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army who now lives in Cuba, where she has political asylum. Shakur, Assata, and Lewis, Ida E. (November 1, 2000). [176] At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as Sandra Good and Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, followers of Charles Manson. [23] She identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. [149] Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle. [138], At Shakur's sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her mandatory life sentence. Chambers, Marcia (December 28, 1973). [93], The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. Black Liberation Army Member, Assata Shakur, Tried on Murder and Assault Charges New Jersey v. Chesimard, 555 F.2d 63 (3d Cir. Below ) there were few or no other Black students in her Catholic school. Potential jurors were questioned During the voir dire, which was written in Cuba the Middlesex Ethics! 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