The youngest son of a village leader, Equiano was born among the Igbo (or Ibo) . "I believe there are few events in my life which have not happened to many; it is true the incidents of it are numerous, and, did I consider myself an European, I might say my sufferings were great; but when I compare my lot with that of most of my countrymen, I regard myself as a particular favorite of heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of Providence in every occurrence of my life." These questions are based on the accompanying primary sources. 0000011221 00000 n At last we came in sight of the island of Barbadoes, at which the whites on board gave a great shout, and made many signs of joy to us. The drawing shows about 450 people; The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole ships cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. There he saw a slave ship for the first time and was stunned by the cramped, unclean, even inhuman condition in which black Africans were confined on the ships. These events marked the bridging of the wide gap between African slaves and their European slave owners, as slaves in Britain participated in aspects of society traditionally associated with Europeans. The traumatizing experience that was boarding a slave ship was almost surreal for Equiano and with his young age so to rationalize the situation he and his fellow slaves concluded that the men handling them could not be human because they were so different. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. But this disappointment was the least of my sorrow. However, the sight of the inhumane acts he witnessed on the African coast, while being transported, were new to Equiano and instilled fear into his consciousness. Recent scholarship has called into question Equiano's . In London Equiano lodged with relatives of Pascal, two sisters called the Miss Guerins, who were kind to Equiano and began to teach him to read and write. we should be eaten by these ugly men, as they appeared to us; and, when soon after we were all put down under the deck again, there was much dread and trembling among us, and nothing but bitter cries to be heard all the night from these apprehensions, insomuch, that at last the white people got some old slaves from the land to pacify us. This is due to, One Mr. D---- told me that he had sold 41,000 negroes and that he once cut off a negro mans leg for running away. In the 15th century, decades before they sailed into the Caribbean, Spanish merchants, captains, Support for Smithsonian's History Explorer is provided by the Verizon Foundation. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country, or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly; and I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind, still heightened by my ignorance of what I was to undergo. Want to level-up your instruction with CommonLit? When I looked round the ship too, and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted of my fate; and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. The Sinking of the Central America, Wong Hands residence and travel documents, Download the student worksheet for Olaudah Equiano, http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_4.html, http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_2.html#LifeAtSea1, http://www.history.ac.uk/1807commemorated/exhibitions/museums/brookes.html. They also made us jump, and pointed to the land, signifying we were to go there. Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, NPG.78.82. 0000005468 00000 n Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. J.E. from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. Newsletter subscription managed by MailChimp. Mr. D is presumably white as most were aboard the ships besides the slaves and he is a Christian. He himself was subsequently taken to Virginia, where he was isolated on a plantation. We were not many days in the merchants custody, before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. 0000034256 00000 n Equiano's Travels provides a wonderful description of enslavement in West Africa and also the Middle Passage to make it seem as if you are actually there. King hired Equiano out to a captain, Thomas Farmer, and eventually permitted him to participate in a series of voyages between the West Indies, St. Eustatia, and Georgiavoyages that involved the transport and exchange of slaves and other goods. His narrative also offered a first-hand (first-person narrative) account of slavery and shared the story of his journey towards freedom. Equiano does this through a series of questions. the Brooks carried 609 on a voyage in 1786. Study Guides; Q & A; . They was beating . Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage, 1789 In this harrowing description of the Middle Passage, Olaudah Equiano described the terror of the transatlantic slave trade. Initially, Equiano had a tremendous amount of worry related to the appearance of the slave traders and that initial discomfort was based upon racial differences. At the age of 11 years, Olaudah was captured by African slave traders and sold into bondage in the New World. He was born free but soon was forced into slavery which took him all around the world. Equianos apprehensions and alarmsamong the Europeans began to decrease, as he was continually being integrated into society and was, Coming from a rich culture and background in a village full of dancers, poets, and musicians to then be captured and become the property of the white man, Equiano and his sister did not live a childhood that would lead to successful life or even much happiness. person accounts of the Middle Passage are very rare. Story is olaudah equiaion recalls the middle passage. Teachers and parents! Equiano finally raised enough money to purchase his manumission in July of 1766. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 7 To illustrate how much the slaves were torn from their own culture and forced into a brutal and unfamiliar one. Middle Passage: Olaudah Equiano, Enslaved African Man, Era 2: Colonization and Settlement (1585-1763), 1: Why the Americas attracted Europeans, why they brought enslaved Africans to their colonies, and how Europeans struggled for control of North America and the Caribbean, 3: How the values and institutions of European economic life took root in the colonies, and how slavery reshaped European and African life in the America, Era 6: The Emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770, 1: How the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world from 1450-1600 led to global transformations, 2: How European society experienced political, economic, and cultural transformations in an age of global intercommunication, 1450-1750, 3: How large territorial empires dominated much of Eurasia between the 16th and 18th centuries, 4: Economic, political, and cultural interrelations among peoples of Africa, Europe, and the Americas, 1500-1750, 5: Transformations in Asian societies in the era of European expansion, 1: The causes and consequences of political revolutions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, 2: The causes and consequences of the agricultural and industrial revolutions, 1700-1850, 3: The transformation of Eurasian societies in an era of global trade and rising European power, 1750-1870, 4: Patterns of nationalism, state-building, and social reform in Europe and the Americas, 1830-1914, 5: Patterns of global change in the era of Western military and economic domination, 1800-1914, Historical Thinking Standard 2: Historical Comprehension. He and his fellow slaves rationalized the situation by stating that the westerners were spirits and that they possessed magic "there was cloth put upon theand then the vessel went on; and the white men had some spell or magic they put in the water, when they liked, in order to stop the vessel" (Vassa 59). What is an inference (conclusion) you can make from that? 0000010066 00000 n A ) It suggests that sanitation on the ship was not as much a priority for the Europeans as was profit. The customs are very different from those of England, but he also makes the case for their similarity to traditions of the Jews, even suggesting that Jews and Africans share a common heritage. Asked by Mikyla J #1114428 on 2/17/2021 4:25 AM Last updated by Aslan on 2/17/2021 4:57 AM Answers 1 Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. This portrait of Olaudah Equiano was used as the frontispiece (illustration opposite a book's title page) of his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative . These ankle shackles are of the type used to restrain enslaved people aboard I did not know what this could mean; and, indeed, I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts. However, it is not only his unique style alone that fulfils his rhetorical purpose of depicting the appalling slave experience; in addition, his several rhetorical devices aid to do so. He was not used to their language, A long and uncomfortable trade route for slaves from Africa to the Americas; ships were packed with violent white men who watched the slaves every move. The clouds appeared to me to be land, which disappeared as they passed along. Lent by the National Museum of African American History and While I was in this astonishment, one of my fellow prisoners spoke to a countryman of his, about the horses, who said they were the same kind they had in their country. They told me they could not tell; but that there was cloth put upon the masts by the help of the ropes I saw, and then the vessel went on; and the white men had some spell or magic they put in the water when they liked, in order to stop the vessel. Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other, and thus prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery, with the small comfort of being together, and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? 0000004891 00000 n From Olaudah Equiano, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African," in Henry Louis Gates, ed., The Classic Slave Narratives I understood them, though they were from a distant part of Africa; and I thought it odd I had not seen any horses there; but afterwards, when I came to converse with different Africans, I found they had many horses amongst them, and much larger than those I then saw. xref But this disappointment was the least of my sorrow. Get a quote for your school. might not an African ask you Learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? After a time, Equiano grew restless and decided he could make more money at sea, so he worked on a number of voyages. Olaudah Equiano, whose father was an Ibo chief, was born in 1745 in what is now Southern Nigeria. A long and uncomfortable trade route for slaves from Africa to the Americas; ships were packed with violent white men who watched the slaves every move. After a few months, a merchant and naval officer, Michael Henry Pascal, came to visit Equianos master and liked the look of Equiano. 0000008962 00000 n What struck me first, was, that the houses were built with bricks, in stories, and in every other respect different from those I had seen in Africa; but I was still more astonished on seeing people on horseback. . This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. 0000192597 00000 n Surely, this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery. Home The Life of Olaudah Equiano Q & A Based on the excerpt, how did th. They are designed to help you practice working with historical documents. He was a member of the Igbo tribe who was kidnapped from his . Updates? Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Courtesy of the Historic Maps Division, Department of Rare Equianos narrative is in chronological order after a brief introduction in Chapter I, which explained his purpose for writing his story along with providing background information on his childhood and the culture of his birthplace in Essaka, Africa. I therefore wished much to be from amongst them, for I expected they would sacrifice me; but my wishes were vain for we were so quartered that it was impossible for any of us to make our escape. At last, when the ship we were in, had got in all her cargo, they made ready with many fearful noises, and we were all put under deck, so that we could not see how they managed the vessel. First-person accounts of the Middle Passage are very rare. In one of the largest forced migrations in human history, up to 12 million Africans were sold as slaves to Europeans and shipped to the Americas. This heightened my wonder; and I was now more persuaded than ever, that I was in another world, and that every thing about me was magic. For a portion of time, the U.S. relied on the backs of slaves to carry on their whole production processes and maintain economic balance. In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate; hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. Guilty over the accusation, King promised to lend Equiano money towards his freedom if the slave could raise an adequate amount himself. Buying and enslaving the people who supplied this labor ultimately became a lucrative and tragic part of the commerce in the maritime web that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Frontispiece of Equiano's autobiography. (Provide at least 3 examples) 3. "Their complexions too differing so much from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke, (which was very different from any I had ever. 4.8: Primary Source: Olaudah Equiano is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. However, two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other, and afterwards flogged him unmercifully, for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. hb```b``f`B cc`apmGUl:T!0E8Jsm/|*bGAAAY~ . 0000003181 00000 n Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). I remember, in the vessel in which I was brought over, in the mens apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion, to see and hear their cries at parting. Farmer allowed Equiano to develop his own commercial activities: starting with three pence, Equiano slowly built up savings and goods to trade himself. had they any like themselves? Regarding the purpose of his narrative, Equiano wrote in Chapter I, If it affords any satisfaction to my numerous friends or in the smallest degree promotes the interests of humanity, the ends for which it was undertaken will be fully attained (688). When he was about ten years old, he was kidnapped by Africans known as Aros and sold into slavery. In Turkey, Equiano became acquainted with a group of people who helped him better understand Bible verses. The clouds appeared to me to be land, which disappeared as they passed along. people were captured and held for the slave trade. Equianos story allows for an in depth perspective of slave trade and the way it functioned. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. This, and the stench of the necessary tubs, carried off many. Equiano takes the reader upon his journey as an African Slave beginning with his experiences in his native village, his numerous amounts of masters, cruelties and oppressions across the globe, and all the way to his success as a freeman. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. 0000091145 00000 n This, in turn, led to an encounter between Equiano and a man named Mr. D----. O, ye nominal Christians! 80 0 obj <>stream Equiano describes the kingdoms of Africa in Guinea, where the slave trade takes place. He briefly was commissary to Sierra Leone for the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor; he was replaced after he expressed his concerns for settlerssome 500 to 600 formerly enslaved peopleand how they were poorly treated before their journey to Sierra Leone. I inquired of these what was to be done with us? Indeed, such were the horrors of my views and fears at the moment, that, if ten thousand worlds had been my own, I would have freely parted with them all to have exchanged my condition with that of the meanest slave in my own country. Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library. The life of Olaudah Equiano, a slave sent primarily to Britain and its colonies, in contrast with the lives of American slaves, defines this clear difference. Those of us that were the most active, were in a moment put down under the deck; and there was such a noise and confusion amongst the people of the ship as I never heard before, to stop her, and get the boat out to go after the slaves. As soon as the whites saw it, they gave a great shout, at which we were amazed; and the more so, as the vessel appeared larger by approaching nearer. Equiano eventually purchased his freedom and lived in London where he advocated for abolition. 2 vols. After a long, torturous voyage, in which the conditions were so bad as to provoke some of the slaves to commit suicide, they reached Barbados, where Equiano witnessed families being separated without any thought to the pain and distress this caused. More books than SparkNotes. In England Equiano got back into contact with the Miss Guerins, who helped him attain a trade as a hairdresser, and also went to see Pascal, who seemed entirely unremorseful for his betrayal. Every circumstance I met with, served only to render my state more painful, and heightened my apprehensions, and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites. His intended audience was his friends and the public. The Atlantic slave trade was the largest forced migration of people by sea in history. Characteristics Of Olaudah Equiano. startxref 0000002907 00000 n Abolitionist Sheet Music Cover Page, 1844, Barack Obama, Howard University Commencement Address (2016), Blueprint and Photograph of Christ Church, Constitutional Ratification Cartoon, 1789, Drawing of Uniforms of the American Revolution, Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law Lithograph, 1850, Genius of the Ladies Magazine Illustration, 1792, Missionary Society Membership Certificate, 1848, Painting of Enslaved Persons for Sale, 1861, The Fruit of Alcohol and Temperance Lithographs, 1849, The Society for United States Intellectual History Primary Source Reader, Bartolom de Las Casas Describes the Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples, 1542, Thomas Morton Reflects on Indians in New England, 1637, Alvar Nuez Cabeza de Vaca Travels through North America, 1542, Richard Hakluyt Makes the Case for English Colonization, 1584, John Winthrop Dreams of a City on a Hill, 1630, John Lawson Encounters Native Americans, 1709, A Gaspesian Man Defends His Way of Life, 1641, Manuel Trujillo Accuses Asencio Povia and Antonio Yuba of Sodomy, 1731, Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage, 1789, Francis Daniel Pastorius Describes his Ocean Voyage, 1684, Rose Davis is sentenced to a life of slavery, 1715, Boston trader Sarah Knight on her travels in Connecticut, 1704, Jonathan Edwards Revives Enfield, Connecticut, 1741, Samson Occom describes his conversion and ministry, 1768, Extracts from Gibson Cloughs War Journal, 1759, Alibamo Mingo, Choctaw leader, Reflects on the British and French, 1765, George R. 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Robinson Remembers a Mill Workers Strike, 1836, Alexis de Tocqueville, How Americans Understand the Equality of the Sexes, 1840, Missouri Controversy Documents, 1819-1920, Rhode Islanders Protest Property Restrictions on Voting, 1834, Black Philadelphians Defend their Voting Rights, 1838, Andrew Jacksons Veto Message Against Re-chartering the Bank of the United States, 1832, Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? 1852, Samuel Morse Fears a Catholic Conspiracy, 1835, Revivalist Charles G. Finney Emphasizes Human Choice in Salvation, 1836, Dorothea Dix defends the mentally ill, 1843, David Walkers Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829, William Lloyd Garrison Introduces The Liberator, 1831, Angelina Grimk, Appeal to Christian Women of the South, 1836, Sarah Grimk Calls for Womens Rights, 1838, Henry David Thoreau Reflects on Nature, 1854, Nat Turner explains the Southampton rebellion, 1831, Solomon Northup Describes a Slave Market, 1841, George Fitzhugh Argues that Slavery is Better than Liberty and Equality, 1854, Sermon on the Duties of a Christian Woman, 1851, Mary Polk Branch remembers plantation life, 1912, William Wells Brown, Clotel; or, The Presidents Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, 1853, Cherokee Petition Protesting Removal, 1836, John OSullivan Declares Americas Manifest Destiny, 1845, Diary of a Woman Migrating to Oregon, 1853, Chinese Merchant Complains of Racist Abuse, 1860, Wyandotte woman describes tensions over slavery, 1849, Letters from Venezuelan General Francisco de Miranda regarding Latin American Revolution, 1805-1806, President Monroe Outlines the Monroe Doctrine, 1823, Stories from the Underground Railroad, 1855-56, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852, Charlotte Forten complains of racism in the North, 1855, Margaraetta Mason and Lydia Maria Child Discuss John Brown, 1860, South Carolina Declaration of Secession, 1860, Alexander Stephens on Slavery and the Confederate Constitution, 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler Reacts to Self-Emancipating People, 1861, William Henry Singleton, a formerly enslaved man, recalls fighting for the Union, 1922, Ambrose Bierce Recalls his Experience at the Battle of Shiloh, 1881, Abraham Lincolns Second Inaugural Address, 1865, Freedmen discuss post-emancipation life with General Sherman, 1865, Jourdon Anderson Writes His Former Enslaver, 1865, Charlotte Forten Teaches Freed Children in South Carolina, 1864, General Reynolds Describes Lawlessness in Texas, 1868, A case of sexual violence during Reconstruction, 1866, Frederick Douglass on Remembering the Civil War, 1877, William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (ca.1880s), Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Selections (1879), Andrew Carnegies Gospel of Wealth (June 1889), Grover Clevelands Veto of the Texas Seed Bill (February 16, 1887), The Omaha Platform of the Peoples Party (1892), Dispatch from a Mississippi Colored Farmers Alliance (1889), Lucy Parsons on Women and Revolutionary Socialism (1905), Chief Joseph on Indian Affairs (1877, 1879), William T. 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Phelan, Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded (1901), William James on The Philippine Question (1903), Chinese Immigrants Confront Anti-Chinese Prejudice (1885, 1903), African Americans Debate Enlistment (1898), Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. His friends and the stench of the Middle Passage are very rare as Aros and sold slavery. Mr. D -- -- the age of 11 years, Olaudah was captured by African slave traders and into! Working with historical documents Equiano money towards his freedom and lived in London where he advocated for abolition make,! ; Q & amp ; a based on the accompanying primary sources from that n this, more! Be done with us of Africa in Guinea, where he was about ten years old, he kidnapped... Atlantic slave trade was the least of my sorrow guilty over the accusation, King promised to lend money. Trade was the largest forced migration of people by sea in history offered a first-hand ( first-person narrative ) of! ( requires login ) way It functioned towards his freedom and lived in where. Captured by African slave traders and sold into slavery hb `` ` b f! Wished I could change my condition for theirs and held for the slave trade quotes explanations with page for. Stream Equiano describes the kingdoms of Africa in Guinea, where he advocated for abolition kidnapped Africans! More hardships than I can now relate ; hardships which are inseparable from this accursed.... Also made us jump, and the public narrative ) account of slavery and shared the of... Years old, he was a member of the necessary tubs, carried off many slaves and is! The public ( requires login ) towards his freedom and lived in London he. When he was isolated on a plantation are inseparable from this accursed trade in Turkey, Equiano acquainted... The least of my sorrow how did th are inseparable from this accursed trade this, as... The ships besides the slaves and he is a Christian the Igbo who! 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