In 1929, Fitzgerald's domestic royalties for, Fitzgerald objected to Zelda naming her heroine's husband Amory Blaine, the name of the protagonist in. "[32][33], Rejected by Ginevra as an unsuitable match, a suicidal Fitzgerald enlisted in the United States Army amid World WarI and received a commission as a second lieutenant. [364] His novel, The Great Gatsby, underscores the limits of the American lower class to transcend their station of birth. [303] He could write entertainingly, his detractors conceded, but he gave scant attention to form and construction. [383], Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, who met Fitzgerald during his years abroad in Paris, likened him to "a stupid old woman with whom someone has left a diamond; she is extremely proud of the diamond and shows it to everyone who comes by, and everyone is surprised that such an ignorant old woman should possess so valuable a jewel". [286] In 1994, the World Theater in St. Paulhome of the radio broadcast of A Prairie Home Companionwas renamed the Fitzgerald Theater. [350] Fitzgerald ridiculed such criticisms,[351] and he opined that blinkered pundits wished to dismiss his works in order to retain their outdated conceptions of American society. Let me tell you about the very rich. 7. [56][57], Upon his discharge on February14, 1919, he moved to New York City, where he unsuccessfully begged the editors of various newspapers for a job. [312] John V. A. Weaver predicted in 1922 that, as Fitzgerald matured as a writer, he would become regarded as one of the greatest authors of American literature. [188][189] The couple traveled to Switzerland, where she underwent treatment at a clinic. [193] A year later, when Mencken met Zelda for the last time, he described her mental illness as immediately evident to any onlooker and her mind as "only half sane. Isn't she smartshe has the hiccups. [280] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the society organized an online reading of This Side of Paradise to mark its centenary. [e][163][164] "I always felt a story in the [Saturday Evening] Post was tops", Zelda later recalled, "But Scott couldn't stand to write them. "The poor son of a bitch," murmured his old friend Dorothy Parker, quoting Jay. He attended Princeton University where he befriended future literary critic Edmund Wilson. [187] Following this homicidal incident, doctors diagnosed Zelda with schizophrenia in June 1930. By F. Scott Fitzgerald. [403] Fitzgerald frequently re-read Ginevra's story, and scholars have noted the plot similarities between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's novel. I was able to drink and enjoy it. While Fitzgerald was probably not trying to specifically present existentialism in his works, Finkelstein describes Fitzgerald's work as having an existential theme: "F. Scott Fitzgerald was of . In the years since, it has gone on to become nearly synonymous with Fitzgerald and life in the Roaring '20s. [204] Hemingway and others argued that such criticism stemmed from superficial readings of the material and from Depression-era America's reaction to Fitzgerald's status as a symbol of Jazz Age excess. In July 1918, while he was stationed near Montgomery, Alabama, he met Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. [66] Rejected over 120 times, he sold only one story, "Babes in the Woods", and received a pittance of $30. [246][247], During this last phase of his career, Fitzgerald's screenwriting tasks included revisions on Madame Curie (1943) and an unused dialogue polish for Gone with the Wind (1939)a book which Fitzgerald disparaged as unoriginal and an "old wives' tale". "[o][400][402] Similarly, Fitzgerald borrowed biographical incidents from his friend, Ludlow Fowler, for his short story "The Rich Boy". While writing The Beautiful and Damned, Fitzgerald inserted sentences from his wife's diary. A kick in the pants and a clout over the scalp were more like their needing."[355]. "But that was a one-time thing," she says. [138] Initially titled Trimalchioan allusion to the Latin work Satyriconthe plot followed the rise of a parvenu who seeks wealth to win the woman he loves. Oftentimes the family trees listed as still in progress have derived from research into famous people who have a kinship to this person. [403], As one of the leading authorial voices of the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald's literary style influenced a number of contemporary and future writers. [324][325] Edith Wharton lauded Gatsby as such an improvement upon Fitzgerald's previous work that it represented a "leap into the future" for American novels,[324] and T. S. Eliot believed it represented a turning point in American literature. I think I started then to be a writer." The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted poet T. S. Eliot to opine that the novel was the most significant evolution in American fiction since the works of Henry James. [223] From 1933 to 1937, he was hospitalized for alcoholism eight times. Fitzgerald lived in a wealthy, upper class community in which social status was based upon wealth. [282] Echoing these opinions, writer Adam Gopnik asserted thatcontrary to Fitzgerald's claim that "there are no second acts in American lives"Fitzgerald became "not a poignant footnote to an ill-named time but an enduring legend of the West". [185] That winter, Zelda's behavior grew increasingly erratic and violent. [71], In July, Fitzgerald quit his advertising job and returned to St. [128] Purportedly born in America to a German immigrant family, Gerlach had been a major in the American Expeditionary Forces during World WarI and became a gentleman bootlegger who lived like a millionaire in New York. [238][422] Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda have appeared as characters in the films Midnight in Paris (2011) and Genius (2016). Fitzgerald was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. [4] His father, Edward Fitzgerald, descended from Irish and English ancestry,[5] and had moved to Minnesota from Maryland after the American Civil War to open a wicker-furniture manufacturing business. F. Scott Fitzgerald, study by Gordon Bryant ( Shadowland, January 1921). [195] While Fitzgerald labored on his novel, Zelda wroteand sent to Scribner'sher own fictionalized version of these same autobiographical events in Save Me the Waltz (1932). Living in a villa in a less fashionable part of Cannes, the Fitzgeralds now avoided the Htel du Cap, a celebrity circus where silk-clad matrons used the pool "only for a short hangover dip". Zelda broke their engagement, and, after an epic drunk, Fitzgerald retired to St. Paul, Minnesota, to rewrite for the second time a novel he had begun at Princeton. Research devoted solely to this person has either not . The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. The novel became a cultural sensation and cemented his reputation as one of the eminent writers of the decade. The Beautiful and Damned describes a handsome young man and his beautiful wife, who gradually degenerate into a shopworn middle age while they wait for the young man to inherit a large fortune. [111] On October 26, 1921, Zelda gave birth to their daughter and only child Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald. [323], The realization that Fitzgerald had improved as a novelist to point that Gatsby was a masterwork was immediately evident to certain members of the literary world. [193] In his private diary, Mencken noted Zelda "went insane in Paris a year or so ago, and is still plainly more or less off her base. The Fitzgeralds troubled family life has inspired numerous biographies, novels, movies, and TV series. In 1993, a new edition was published as The Love of the Last Tycoon, edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli. "[331], Realizing that slick magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and Esquire were more likely to publish stories that pandered to young love and featured saccharine dnouements, Fitzgerald became adept at tailoring his short fiction to the vicissitudes of commercial tastes. By this time, the field of literature had greatly changed due to the onset of the Great Depression, and once popular writers such as Fitzgerald and Hemingway who wrote about upper-middle-class lifestyles were now disparaged in literary periodicals whereas so-called "proletarian novelists" enjoyed general applause. . This Side of Paradise was a revelation of the new morality of the young; it made Fitzgerald famous. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the . This fame opened to him magazines of literary prestige, such as Scribners, and high-paying popular ones, such as The Saturday Evening Post. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. His last meal consisted of a pastrami sandwich from the nearby Greenblatt's Deli. He wrote primarily during the 1920s, and he has brought the Jazz Age of that decade to life for an. [259], On learning of her father's death, Scottie telephoned Graham from Vassar and asked she not attend the funeral for social propriety. [414] His third novel The Great Gatsby has been adapted numerous times for both film and television, most notably in 1926, 1949, 1958, 1974, 2000, and 2013. "[275], Within one year after his death, Edmund Wilson completed Fitzgerald's unfinished fifth novel The Last Tycoon using the author's extensive notes,[l][277] and he included The Great Gatsby within the edition, sparking new interest and discussion among critics. [129] Flaunting his new wealth, Gerlach threw lavish parties,[130] never wore the same shirt twice,[131] used the phrase "old sport",[132] and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relation of the German Kaiser. [251] During his work on Winter Carnival (1939), Fitzgerald had an alcoholic relapse and sought treatment by New York psychiatrist Richard Hoffmann. [178] The starlet became a muse for the author, and he wrote her into a short story called "Magnetism", in which a young Hollywood film starlet causes a married writer to waver in his sexual devotion to his wife. [Fitzgerald's] talent was as natural as the pattern that was made by the dust on a butterfly's wings. With its failure and his despair over Zelda, Fitzgerald was close to becoming an incurable alcoholic. [190] They returned to America in September 1931. His second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), propelled him further into the cultural elite. Still aspiring to a lucrative career in literature, he wrote several short stories and satires in his spare time. We see. [257] As the couple left the Pantages Theatre, a sober Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had difficulty walking to his vehicle. [349] They decried his use of modern "alien slang" and claimed his depiction of young people engaged in drunken sprees and premarital sex to be wholly fabricated. [217] Beginning that year, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories. His second novel The Beautiful and Damned was filmed in 1922 and 2010. Thisthe promise and failure of the American Dreamis a common theme in Fitzgeralds work. [170] Fitzgerald decided to have sex with a prostitute to prove his heterosexuality. [96] Fitzgerald likened their juvenile behavior in New York City to two "small children in a great bright unexplored barn. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [352], As Fitzgerald's writings made him "the outstanding aggressor in the little warfare" between "the flaming youth against the old guard,"[353] a number of social conservatives later rejoiced when he died. Born Francis Scott Key FITZGERALD. 00:12. [172] In December 1926, after two unpleasant years in Europe which considerably strained their marriage, the Fitzgeralds returned to America. The quote is the final line of The Great Gatsby. [273] In retrospective reviews that followed after his death, literary critics such as Peter Quennell dismissed his magnum opus The Great Gatsby as merely a nostalgic period piece with "the sadness and the remote jauntiness of a Gershwin tune". [344] He riveted the nation's attention upon the activities of their sons and daughters cavorting in the rumble seat of Bearcat roadster on a lonely road and sparked a societal debate over their perceived immorality. The family tree for F. Scott Fitzgerald should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. [76], Fitzgerald's debut novel appeared in bookstores on March26, 1920 and became an instant success. [175] At one party they outraged guests Ronald Colman and Constance Talmadge by a prank: They requested their watches and, retreating into the kitchen, boiled the expensive timepieces in a pot of tomato sauce. [162] Hemingway claimed that Zelda preferred her husband to write lucrative short stories as opposed to novels in order to support her accustomed lifestyle. Gatsby's wealth wouldn't have existed without the advent of prohibition and the public's willingness to flaunt the law. Figure 1.1. [231] He returned to the United States andhis ill-health exacerbated by excessive drinkingunderwent hospitalization at the Doctors Hospital in Manhattan. If you want to know about the South, you read Faulkner. [227] His attempts to write and sell more short stories faltered. [119] Fitzgerald wished to halt the show and disavow the production. [285] In 1990, Hofstra University established the F. Scott Fitzgerald Society, which later became an affiliate of the American Literature Association. "[272] His New York Times obituary deemed his work forever tied to an era "when gin was the national drink and sex the national obsession". [38] When he submitted the manuscript to publishers, Scribner's rejected it,[39] although the impressed reviewer, Max Perkins, praised Fitzgerald's writing and encouraged him to resubmit it after further revisions. He was named after a famous ancestor. [1] By 1960thirty-five years after the novel's original publicationthe book was selling 100,000 copies per year. Scribner's later reissued the book under Fitzgerald's preferred title, Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Jay Gatsby, Failed Intellectual: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Trope for Social Stratification", "F. Scott Fitzgerald, Lois Moran, and the Mystery of Mariposa Street", "Fitzgerald and Leacock Write Two Funny Books", "New Fitzgerald Book Proves He's Really a Writer", "Review of 'Redefining the American Dream: The Novels of Willa Cather', "The Younger Generation: Its Young Novelists", "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby', "Short Stories From the Maturing Pen of Scott Fitzgerald", "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade', "Fitzgerald, the Stylist, Challenges Fitzgerald, the Social Historian", "The Passing of Jay Gatsby: Class and Anti-Semitism in Fitzgerald's 1920s America", "Fitzgerald and Cather: The Great Gatsby", "The Structure Of The Outsider In The Short Fiction Of Richard Wright And F. Scott Fitzgerald", "Willa Cather's 'A Lost Lady': The Paradoxes of Change", "Mastering the Story Market: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Revision of 'The Night before Chancellorsville', "Scott Fitzgerald's Latest Novel is Heralded As His Best", "Almost a Masterpiece: Scott Fitzgerald Produces a Brilliant Successor to 'The Great Gatsby', "Why 'The Great Gatsby' is the Great American Novel", "Theatre: Study of 'The Disenchanted'; Writer on Downgrade Shown at Coronet", "Decoding Woody Allen's 'Midnight in Paris', "Garrison Keillor Hospitalized for Minor Stroke", "Takarazuka: Japan's Newest 'Traditional' Theater Turns 100", "F. Scott Fitzgerald Thought This Book Would Be the Best American Novel of His Time", "Tracing F. Scott Fitzgerald's Minnesota Roots", "Scott Fitzgerald and L.I. [157], Surveying these posthumous attacks, John Dos Passos opined that many literary critics in popular newspapers lacked the basic discernment about the art of writing. [125] While striving to emulate the rich, he found their privileged lifestyle morally disquieting. [195] The story concerned a promising young American named Dick Diver who marries a mentally ill young woman; their marriage deteriorates while they are abroad in Europe. He inspired Budd Schulberg's novel The Disenchanted (1950),[283] later adapted into a Broadway play starring Jason Robards. [59] Fitzgerald wrote to Zelda frequently, and by March 1920, he had sent Zelda his mother's ring, and the two became officially engaged. Despite its lackluster debut, The Great Gatsby is now hailed by some literary critics as the "Great American Novel". [278] This renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel a masterwork of American literature. F. Scott Fitzgerald was named after a famous ancestorFrancis Scott Key. Considered to be . [378] Much like Fitzgerald,[379] Gatsby's ancestry precludes him from the coveted status of Old Stock Americans. Life seemed so promising always when he was around. [12] Although his alcoholic father was now destitute, his mother's inheritance supplemented the family income and allowed them to continue living a middle-class lifestyle. The following is an excerpt from the essay "The Crack-Up," reprinted from The Crack-Up, a compilation of articles written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and published in one book by . "[398], Fitzgerald continued this practice throughout his life. In October 1939 he began a novel about Hollywood, The Last Tycoon. [261] When Fitzgerald's poorly embalmed corpse arrived in Bethesda, Maryland, only thirty people attended his funeral. "[140], Work on The Great Gatsby slowed while the Fitzgeralds sojourned on the French Riviera, where a marital crisis developed. "For what it's worth, it's never too late to be whoever you want to be." - F.Scott Fitzgerald. As we move through the 2020s, anticipating and celebrating centennial milestones in the life and career of F. Scott Fitzgerald, it is easy for us to view him as a writer defined by his historical moment. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of The Great Gatsby, was born in St. Paul, Minn.; he's associated with that city, as well as Paris, the Riviera and New York. He is best known for his novel "The Great Gatsby" (1925), considered a masterpiece. I hope it's beautiful and a foola beautiful little fool. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway first met in a caf. [372][373] His later life as an expatriate in Europe and as a writer in Hollywood reinforced this lifelong sense of being an outsider. [50] Dispatched back to the base near Montgomery to await discharge, he renewed his pursuit of Zelda. The family tree for F. Scott Fitzgerald is still in progress. New cars, money, morals, and styles exemplified the period. As Great Writers Inspire notes, they immediately began living beyond their means, paying for lavish houses and expensive dinners, drinking and dancing . The song was inspired by seeing the American flay over Fort McHenry in 1814. Throughout the novel, readers can see evidence of the "roaring twenties.". Asheville, a mountain town in North Carolina . August 31, 2005. [141] She spent afternoons swimming at the beach and evenings dancing at the casinos with him. 23. Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream in the character of Jay Gatsby. [36] Fitzgerald purportedly chafed under Eisenhower's authority and disliked him intensely. Mark Twain. To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. [136] Fitzgerald had been planning the novel since 1923, when he told his publisher Maxwell Perkins of his plans to embark upon a work of art that would be beautiful and intricately patterned. . Best known for The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)two keystones of modernist fictionFrancis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) was the poet laureate of the "Jazz Age," a term he popularized to convey the post-World War I era's newfound prosperity, consumerism, and shifting . [104] At the peak of his commercial success and cultural salience, Fitzgerald recalled traveling in a taxi one afternoon in New York City and weeping when he realized that he would never be as happy again. [218] Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli contends Fitzgerald did in fact have recurring TB. 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